Summary

World History Class 02

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN EUROPE:

The first stage of industrialization started in England, then expanded to Europe in due course of time.
The second stage started outside Europe, with America and Japan.
In general in the European subcontinent, industrialization was very slow.
In Portugal and Spain, the process of Industrialization was rather negligible, it was because agriculturally both countries remained backward.
Secondly, their policy was called bullionism, a policy of procuring gold and silver from Latin America.
For them, more gold and silver deposits and economic prosperity.
As they completely depended upon gold and silver, economic progress and economic development, in general, received a setback.
France (05:35 PM)
In France industrialization was mainly due to the efforts of Finance Minister Jean Coul Burt
He understood the importance of trade, commerce, and industries.
He promoted glass manufacturing, nylon manufacturing, and wine processing industries.
Like England, France went for colonies.
France also exploited Alsace–Lorraine coal mines and iron mines for its industrialization.
In the industrialization process of France, French protestants called Heugo Knots led a commendable role.
Germany:
In Germany, though it was not united, industrialization started quite early.
German protestants and aristocrats called Zankars, played an important role in the industrialization of Germany.
Its policy was Cameralism which meant optimum utilization of resources for optimum development.
In the Industrialization process Germany entered into coal mining and shipbuilding.
They reached the coal mines of Saar Valley, helpful for the mining industry to flourish in Germany.
After the unification process, particularly under Hitler Germany's industrialization has seen its highest stage.
With industrialization Germany also entered into a race for colonies.
Germany founded colonies in West Africa- Togo land against England and Congo against France.
In Asia, Germany founded its colony at Shantung in China, against Japan.
Hitler occupied Austria and with that vast coal mines of Austria came under the control of Germany.
Oil mines of Romania were also occupied by Germany.
Italy:
In Italy political and geographical disunity prevented Italy from becoming an industrialized country.
However its early process of industrialization started in coal mines and wine manufacturing.
Under Mussolini, Italy's industrialization was quite drastic.
Like Germany, Italy also went for colonies in Africa.
Italy founded colonies in Libya, Ethiopia, Sahara, and Somalia.
She clashed with France in Tunisia.
Mussolini's policy called Syndicatism, achieved a remarkable result.
It ended the disputes between the workers and capitalists in every industry.
Sweden:
In Sweden, a protestant country that followed Calvinism under which profit motive, trade commerce, and industry were all encouraged.
Her industrialization started first with the banking industry and later extended to shipbuilding and oil processing.

RUSSIA (06:07 PM)

In Russia process of industrialization was very slow.
Until 1917, Russia continued to remain in feudal order.
Russia's main problems were w.r.t industrialization:
Lack of enough cultivable land.
Capital Formation.
Industrialization in Russia started with Peter The Great.
During his time, Russia entered into coal mining, shipbuilding, and oil processing.
His daughter Catherine The Great continued the process of industrialization.
Russia's Industrialization was remarkable after the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Stalin understood the importance of the industry.
For him industry meant power.
He generated capital formation for Russia's Industrialization.
First with the collectivization of agriculture.
With that mechanization of agriculture started in Russia.
Heavy industry started for the first time.
In the entire process of Industrialization, the five-year plan played an important role.

AMERICA (06:19 PM)

Outside Europe, America was the country most industrialized.
Upto her war of independent 1774, she was exploited by England under the policy of mercantilism.
England virtually made America a dependent colony.
Under Navigational acts, America was made to use only England's ships in export and import trade.
Iron processing was banned in America.
Americans are not permitted to have direct trade with European countries.
Against this exploitation, the 1774 American War of Independence started.
After getting independence in 1784, America witnessed rapid industrialization.
Ports were developed in the coastal region.
With that shipbuilding industry developed.
Rapid expansion of agriculture started.
America also entered into gold mining and food processing industries.
Very soon America became the world's largest manufacturer of goods.

JAPANESE INDUSTRIALIZATION (06:33 PM)

It was the first country to experience industrialization in Asia.
The main reasons behind Japan's rapid industrialization were:
Japan never lost its resources.
Japan was not conquered by any country.
Its process of industrialization is unique, for the reasons:
It was a collective effort of the whole country of Japan.
It was not the work of one class or one community as it happened in the history of other countries.
The day when Japan had seen the American navy under Comdr Perry entering her port.
The very day Japan decided to go for industrialization.
This sensitive reaction of Japan was something unique.
It decided to bring back the benevolent administration or novel administration called the Meiji Restoration, 1866 was the major turning point in the process of industrialization.
Japan got the entire literature on industrialization translated into her local languages.
She sent her meritorious students to American and French universities.
Thus Japan could have a class of expert technicians and engineers in her own country.
The National Bank of Japan encouraged industrialization by sanctioning loans at subsidized rates of interest.
Japan very soon experienced the formation of multinational companies like Mitsu Bishi, Mitsui, and Yamada.
Industrialist syndicates called Zaibatsu were formed, controlling Japanese trade, commerce, and industries and finally the economy itself.
No country in the world has given importance to trade and commerce as Japan has done.
Her internal and external policies were all governed by her industrial interest.
Like other European countries Japan also entered into colonialism.
She stakes claims on Manchuria, Formosa, Sakhalin Islands, and Korea.
She defeated China in 1895 and Russia in 1905.
Above all industry is part of Japanese culture.
Their life is centered around the industry.
The work ethic of Japan makes her process of industrialization undoubtedly unique.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: (07:32 PM)

Revolutionary changes happened, so drastic the changes that human society, economy, polity, and culture everything changed.
To begin with in the economy with the Industrial Revolution factory system appeared for the first time.
As a result of that the traditional Guild system (associations of merchants and craftsmen) and domestic system of production all got affected.
Guilds could not withstand the cheaply available machine-made products
With the factory system, the working class for the first time lost access to the factors of production.
The newly formed industries and capitalist classes by controlling the factories and thereby the economy deprived the working class of the opportunity to have their independent system of production.
With capitalism, the gap between the rich and the poor continued to widen.
Economic inequalities of a severe type appeared for the first time.
Because of the tremendous growth of production for the sake of raw materials and markets severe competition started among the European nations for the sake of colonies.
Clashes between England and France on the one hand between Germany and Italy against England on the other hand in Asia and Africa were the direct cause of WW1.
With the industrial revolution, European countries gave a lot of importance to industries and neglected agriculture.
They are dependent on Asia and Africa for foodstuffs just as Asia and Africa are dependent upon Europe for manufactured goods.
This inter-dependency marked the beginnings of the process of globalization.

NEXT CLASS TOPIC- End of Industrialization and American Revolution.